Eleatic

The Eleatic school, centred in the Greek colony of Elea in southern Italy, was founded by Parmenides in the early fifth century BCE. Its central thesis — that reality is one, unchanging, eternal, and indivisible, and that change and multiplicity are illusions of the senses — posed the sharpest challenge in ancient philosophy to common experience. Zeno of Elea developed a series of celebrated paradoxes defending Parmenides' position. The Eleatics forced Plato, Aristotle, and every subsequent thinker to grapple directly with questions of being, change, and the limits of perception.