Logic

Foundations of Arithmetic

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Gottlob Frege

1884

Frege's attempt to establish that arithmetic is reducible to pure logic — that the truths of arithmetic are analytic a priori, derivable from logical laws alone without appeal to intuition or experience. The work introduces several philosophical innovations that shaped twentieth-century analytic philosophy: the context principle, the distinction between sense and reference, the analysis of number as a property of concepts, and the critique of psychologism in the foundations of mathematics.