Metaphysics

The Incoherence of the Philosophers

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Al-Ghazali

1095

Al-Ghazali's devastating critique of Islamic Aristotelianism, targeting the philosophers Al-Farabi and Avicenna. He identifies twenty positions in which the philosophers contradict Islamic orthodoxy, arguing that seventeen of these are innovations but three — the eternity of the world, God's ignorance of particulars, and the denial of bodily resurrection — constitute outright heresy. The work challenged the hegemony of Greek philosophy in Islamic intellectual life.