Ramanuja

Ramanuja was an eleventh-century Indian philosopher and theologian who founded the Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism) school of Vedanta. He argued against Shankara's absolute non-dualism, teaching that God, souls, and matter are distinct yet unified in a qualified non-dual relationship.

Ramanuja's theology centred on devotion (bhakti) to Vishnu as the path to liberation. His commentaries on the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita remain foundational texts of Vaishnava philosophy and have shaped Hindu devotional traditions across South Asia.