Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German polymath — philosopher, mathematician, and diplomat — who independently co-invented calculus with Newton and developed one of the most ambitious philosophical systems of the early modern period. His monadology holds that reality consists of an infinite number of simple, immaterial substances called monads, each reflecting the entire universe from its own perspective, with no genuine causal interaction between them — their apparent harmony pre-established by God.