Carl Jung

Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. He developed concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and individuation — the process of integrating the psyche — drawing on mythology, alchemy, and Eastern religion as well as clinical practice.

Jung's break with Freud centred on his refusal to reduce the unconscious to sexuality and his insistence on the compensatory, meaning-generating function of unconscious symbols. His influence extended to art, literature, and spirituality, and his typology of psychological types became the basis for widely used personality frameworks.